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Text ВThe digestive systemThe digestive system consists of the digestive tract and digestive glands. The digestive tract is some 8-10 m long and is divided into the following parts: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. The structures of the different parts of the tract have some special features.The wall of the greater part of the digestive tract consists of three coats: internal - mucous, middle - muscular, and the external - serous. The mucous coat is lined with the epithelium, outside of which is a connective tissue with a thin layer of smooth muscle fibres. The mucous coat pink in colour because it is has many blood vessels. The numerous small glands in this coat secrète a vegetable coat of the digestive tract. It facilitates the movement of food and protects the mucous coat from the damage by solid particles of food and various chemical substances. One must remember that the mucous coat of the digestive tract begins with the esophagus, contains lymph nodules which have a protective function.The greater part of the muscular coat of the digestive tract consists of two layers: on internal layer with circular muscle fibres and on external layer with longitudinal muscle fibres. The wall of the pharynx and the superior part of the esophagus, and the tongue and the soft palate all contain striated muscle tissue. It is the muscular coat of the other parts of the digestive tract that consists of smooth muscle tissue. Contractions of the muscular coat move food along the digestive tract.The serous coat that covers the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity is called the peritoneum. The peritoneum has two layers, visceral and parietal. In the esophagus the serous layer is lacking and the outer coat is fibrous in nature.The digestive glands secrète digestive juices that contain enzymes and other substances which take some part in the chemical processes of digestion.In addition to the small glands in the mucous coat of the digestive tract, there are therefore large glands: the salivary glands, the liver and the pancreas. Though these glands are situated outside the digestive tract, they communicate with it through ducts.Any part of the digestive tract and the digestive glands are equipped with nerve fibres and their endings. The nerves of the digestive glands regulate the secretion of digestive juices. It is known that the nervous system not only regulates the activity of each institution, but so coordinates their activities.
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